棉花各器官干物质分配规律的数学模型

１９９１－１９９３年通过大田试验，对棉花不同群体干物质在各器官的积累与分配规律进行了曲线拟合。结果表明，在官干物质积累均呈不同程度偏斜的Ｓ形曲线，而棉株士物质在各器官间分配规律则因器官的不同各有不同。根、果枝及果枝叶呈抛物线形曲线，主茎为ｙ＝＝ａｘｅ＾ｂｘ形曲线，主茎叶为ｙ＝（ａ＋ｂｘ）／ｓ形曲线；蕾为“钟形”曲线，铃呈Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ曲线，此外，对群体密度的影响也进行了探讨，在试验密度范围内，群     

不同基因型抗虫棉的光合生产与叶源特征

以33B为对照,对早发型常规Bt棉鲁棉研17、鲁棉研21,晚发型Bt棉鲁棉研22,杂交Bt棉鲁棉研15、鲁棉研20进行了2年的种植和比较。早发型品种中前期干物质积累和叶面积增长快,但后期干物质积累慢、叶面积下降快,表现出明显的早发早熟和干旱年份易早衰的特点;晚发型品种前期干物质积累和叶面积增长慢,但后期增长快,表现出明显的晚发甚至贪青晚熟的特点。两个杂交棉品种表现出与早发型品种基本相同的生育规律,但中前期叶面积系数和干物质积累量显著高于其它供试品种。盛铃期以前,未见品种间功能叶光合速率的显著差异,但在干旱年份,早发型品种在始絮期功能叶的光合速率显著低于晚发型品种。早发型品种中后期的根冠比和功能叶含K量显著低于晚发型品种,而叶面积载荷量却显著高于晚发型品种。不同品种干物质产量和熟相的差异可能分别与叶面积系数大小和库源比例不同有关。     

A rapid, seedling-based bioassay for identifying low cadmium-accumulating individuals of Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.).

We have developed a seedling-based bioassay that iscapable of identifying low Cd-accumulating phenotypes(homozygous and heterozygous) after 96–120 h ofexposure. Our experiments were conducted using¹⁰⁹Cd as a tracer at subtoxic concentrations tosimulate conditions that might be experienced in thefield. Supply of Cd (10^-11 M) to 4-d oldseedlings for 0–8 h resulted in no differences in rootand leaf Cd content between the low (TL05) and high(TL04) Cd-accumulating isolines. Increasing time ofexposure produced significant differences in leaf Cdaccumulation between isolines, with differencesbecoming most pronounced after the bulk of appliedcadmium ( 95%) was depleted from absorption solutions( 72 h). Similar results were obtained with8-d old seedlings, where differences between genotypeswere more pronounced in young leaves (2nd leaf) orshoot bases. Individuals from five low and highCd-accumulating near isogenic pairs (50individuals/isoline) were screened using Cdconcentration of shoot bases as the screeningcriterion. Mean scores within each isoline pair weresignificantly different, although overlap ofindividual scores was observed at intermediate foliarCd concentrations. The 2^nd leaf to root Cdcontent ratio, which reflects root to shoottranslocation, provided a better parameter todistinguish low from high Cd-accumulating isolines. Plants used for this bioassay could also be rescuedfor subsequent experimental crosses, providing a rapidand cost-effective tool for early detection of the lowCd-accumulating phenotype.     

不同施肥条件下夏玉米的干物质积累、产量及氮肥利用效率

针对我国华北地区夏玉米生产中所面临的氮素污染和秸秆资源严重浪费等问题，中国农业大学和德国霍恩海姆大学(Hohenheim University of Germany)自1999以来开展了中德国际合作项目“华北平原作物高产高生产力条件下环境可承受的持续农业研究”。研究表明：在同一时期，优化施肥、秸秆还田优化施肥与传统施肥夏玉米干物质积累量无显著性差异。拔节到吐丝，优化施肥的干物质日增长量和干物质积累量并不低于传统施肥，吐丝到灌浆，略低于传统施肥；秸秆还田优化施肥两阶段的干物质日增长量和干物质积累量最高。3处理间夏玉米产量无显著性差异。优化施肥和秸秆还田优化施肥条件下，氮肥当季利用率显著高于传统施肥。     

木薯后期衰老对淀粉积累的影响

对新选056、南洋红、GR891、辐选01、华南124和新选048六个木薯品种生育后期抗衰老生理和淀粉积累特性进行研究。结果表明:不同木薯品种生育后期抗衰老生理与淀粉积累特性有明显差异,木薯后期茎叶生长状况对块根淀粉积累有明显影响,后期茎叶过早衰老或生长过旺对块根淀粉积累都不利。对抗衰老能力最强的是华南124,其次是辐选01和新选048,抗衰老能力最弱的是南洋红。其中新选056、南洋红、GR891、辐选01、华南124和新选048生育后期叶片过氧化物酶活性分别为383.93△OD470/gFw.min,279.33△OD470/gFw.min,405.20△OD470/gFw.min,445.97△OD470/gFw.min,364.43△OD470/gFw.min和202.20△OD470/gFw.min;丙二醛含量分别为0.0178μmol/gFW,0.0189μmol/gFW,0.0237μmol/gFW,0.0153μmol/gFW,0.0128μmol/gFW和0.0140μmol/gFW;可溶性糖含量分别为0.74%,0.70%,1.02%,0.84%,1.12%和1.30%;自由水/束缚水比值分别为3.07,4.77,6.85,3.64,2.57和3.11;块根淀粉含量分别为29.6%,25.8%,32.8%,32.7%,25.6%和28.9%。     

模拟酸雨对杨梅生理生化特征的影响

研究了不同强度模拟酸雨对6年生东魁杨梅生理生化特征的影响。结果表明:随着模拟酸雨胁迫加剧,叶片可见伤害症状严重,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量以及叶绿素a/b比值显著降低,光系统I(IPSII)的潜在化学活性(Fv/Fo)和最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)显著降低,水分利用效率和光合能力显著下降,细胞质膜透性增加,MDA含量增加,SOD、POD和CAT活性受到明显抑制,从而抑制杨梅的生长发育。     

棉花光合生产与干物质积累过程的模拟

在综合已有作物模拟模型优点的基础上,构建了基于生态生理过程的棉花光合生产与干物质积累动态模拟模型。模型中引用了高斯积分法计算冠层每日的PAR总截获量和光合同化量,考虑了PAR的日变化规律和太阳高度角变化对直射PAR消光系数的影响,在量化直射辐射对光合作用贡献的同时,分别计算了天空散射辐射、冠层和土壤散射辐射的强度。模型充分考虑了温度、生理年龄、氮素、水分等因子对光合作用和呼吸作用的影响。利用不同遗传类型品种、不同管理方式下的棉花干物质积累动态对模型进行了检验,结果表明模拟值与观测值吻合度较好,模型不仅具有较强的机理性而且具有较高的预测性和实用性。     

Evaluation of proline analysis and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching measurements as drought tolerance indicators in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum)

Summary The possibility of using proline accumulation and fluorescence inhibition as predictive tests for drought tolerance in durum wheat has been investigated. The drought susceptibility of 25 genotypes was evaluated by comparing yields and yield components in irrigated and non irrigated conditions in the field. A drought susceptibility index (DSI) was calculated based on yields from irrigated and dry treatments and compared with the results obtained using the two physiological criteria. Proline accumulation and chlorophyll fluorescence inhibition were found to be significantly and negatively correlated with DSI of grain yield, biological yield, and thousand kernel weight, and tiller index. The use of both criteria for breeding durum wheat in Mediterranean dryland is discussed.     

Nitrogen Accumulation and Translocation for Winter Wheat under Different Irrigation Regimes

The translocation of pre‐anthesis nitrogen to the grain is an important source for winter wheat. The relation between the nitrogen translocation and irrigation regime was studied in the field under a rain‐proof trough shelter. Nitrogen (N) translocation amount, N translocation efficiency decreased with a decline in irrigation amount or by excessive irrigation. Compared with different organs, the leaf and stem had higher N translocation amounts, and contributions to grain for both cultivars – Jinan 17 and Lumai 21, indicating that stem also is a major N source for grain development. The contribution of pre‐anthesis total above ground N to grain N ranged from 57 to 76 %, indicating the importance of pre‐anthesis storage of N for achieving high grain N concentrations. Grain nitrogen and yield (kg ha^?1) were positively and significantly correlated with the N translocation amounts and contributions, respectively, suggesting that the sink strength may be involved in the translocation of N from a vegetative organ to the grain. N harvest index (NHI) was significantly correlated with N translocation efficiency, suggesting that the latter is a prerequisite for increasing grain N and improving grain quality. The experiment showed that N translocation status is enhanced by better irrigation practices, but limited by severely deficient or excessive irrigation.     

不同施水量对黄芩干物质积累与分配的影响

为研究施水量对黄芩的影响，确定适宜黄芩生长的水分条件，在黄芩生长季节模拟降水量设4种不同施水量处理，测定黄芩生长形态指标和各器官干物质重量，计算黄芩各器官干重占总生物量大小。结果表明，施水量多的处理和施水量少的处理根干重、地上千重、总生物量较低，施水量不足对黄芩地上部的影响大于对根部的影响；中度和轻度水分胁迫处理黄芩根重、地上重、总生物量较高；黄芩比较耐旱，年降水量在321～450mm，黄芩生长季节降水量在250～350mm，黄芩地上部与地下部生长协调，各器官物质分配合理，产量高。